Exercise 2: Reliability And Validity/ MUST Use SPSS

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Exercise 2: Reliability and Validity

For this exercise, your task is to estimate the reliability and validity of a measure of Need for Cognition (nCog; Cacioppo & Petty, 1982; Cacioppo, Petty, & Kao, 1984).

An SPSS data file is included in the assignment folder, with responses from 294 college students. Within the data file you will find raw scores for nCog items, as well as composite scores for several other variables (see page 2 for descriptions).

Your tasks for this assignment are described below. To answer each of these questions, run the analyses using SPSS and report relevant information in your write-up (i.e., the reliability or validity coefficient). Write a report explaining your findings for each of the questions above. Provide an interpretation of what the results mean. In other words, explain your findings in sufficient detail so that another person could understand what you examined and why.

Reliability

  1. Estimate Coefficient Alpha for nCog using the items in the data set.
  2. Estimate test-retest reliability for nCog – data were collected 2 weeks after the original nCog data (NCOG_T2).

Criterion-Related Validity 

  1. Report the criterion-related validity estimate for nCog using College GPA (CollegeGPA).
  2. Report the criterion-related validity estimate for nCog using Student Satisfaction (StudentSat).
  3. Report the incremental validity estimate of nCog above and beyond High School GPA (HS_GPA) and ACT Scores (ACT) in predicting College GPA (CollegeGPA).
  4. Report the incremental validity estimate of nCog above and beyond High School GPA (HS_GPA) and ACT Scores (ACT) in predicting Student Satisfaction (StudentSat).

Construct-Related Validity 

  1. Report convergent validity evidence using Intrinsic Motivation (IntMot) and Mastery Goal Orientation (MGO).
  2. Report discriminant validity evidence using Extrinsic Motivation (ExtMot), Performance Approach Goal Orientation (AppGO), Performance Avoid Goal Orientation (AvdGO), and Social Desirability (SocDes).

 

Variables in Data Set/Assignment

Need for Cognition –described as a drive to understand situations and the world around us (Cacioppo & Petty, 1982; Cacioppo et al., 1984). People with a high need for cognition tend to enjoy problem solving, abstract reasoning, and enjoy complex situations/problems. Items were rated on a 5-point scale (1 = Strongly Disagree to 5 = Strongly Agree), and higher scores indicate higher levels of the construct. Items were taken from Cacioppo et al. (1984), in the attached article.  Note that several of these items are reverse-scored. You will need to re-code them prior to running the analyses.

High School GPA – is cumulative, high school grade point average, on a 4.0 scale. Scores were taken from admissions records.

ACT Scores – ACT scores were gathered from university records.

College GPA – is cumulative, college grade point average on a 4.0 scale. This was taken from university records. In this study College GPA was collected one year after Need for Cognition was measured.

Student Satisfaction – is the extent that students are satisfied with their experiences at the university. Six items were written for the purpose of conducting this study. Cronbach’s alpha for this scale was .90. In this study student satisfaction was collected one year after Need for Cognition was measured.

Academic Motivation focuses on the reasons that students go to college. This is based on Deci and Ryan’s (1985) self-determination theory (Ryan & Deci, 2000). For the purposes of this data collection ten items were written to measure intrinsic motivation and ten items were written to measure extrinsic motivation.

  • Intrinsic Motivation – is based on a drive to learn and accumulate knowledge. The process of learning itself is internally motivating for individuals with a high level of intrinsic motivation. Coefficient alpha for this scale was .92.
  • Extrinsic Motivation – is based on the anticipation of some other, external reward, Individuals with a high level of intrinsic motivation are less interested in learning itself, but motivated because with a college degree they are more likely to obtain a high-paying job or promotion at work. Coefficient alpha for this scale was .87.

Goal Orientation – reflects the purpose, or type of goal that a person aims to achieve when pursuing a particular task (Elliot et al., 1999). This can be composed of mastery goal orientation, performance approach goal orientation, and performance avoid goal orientation. Seven items were written to measure each of the three dimensions below.

  • Mastery Goal Orientation – has a focus on improving oneself as a function of task pursuit, and is often associated with deep-level processing and drive to learn and understand material (e.g., expanding one’s knowledge). Coefficient alpha for this scale was .90.
  • Performance Approach Goal Orientation – is associated with achieving positive outcomes and successful task accomplishment. However, this is more often associated with surface-level processing, with a focus on simply obtaining task outcomes (e.g., getting a good grade). Coefficient alpha for this scale was .83.
  • Performance Avoid Goal Orientation – is also focused on achieving outcomes, but specifically on avoiding failure or negative outcomes. Instead of focusing on learning material or getting a favorable grade or expanding one’s knowledge, the focus remains on not failing a class, for example.   Coefficient alpha for this scale was .89.

Social Desirability – involves providing what would be perceived as favorable, or socially desirable, responses (Crowne & Marlowe, 1960). The KR20 internal consistency estimate for this scale was .87.
References

Cacioppo, J. T., & Petty, R. E. (1982). The need for cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 116-131.

Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E., & Kao, C. F. (1984). The efficient assessment of need for cognition. Journal of Personality Assessment, 3, 306-307.

Crowne, D.P., & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24, 349–354.

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York, NY: Plenum.

Elliott, A. J., McGregor, H. A., & Gable, S. (1999). Achievement goals, study strategies, and exam performance: A mediational analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91, 549-563.

Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68-78.

Psychology Of Leadership

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Please provide the solutions to each question separately with each references. I need about 150 words for each question                                                       

                                                                 Unit 2

DQ 1

Describe your preferred leadership style, and identify how your Christian worldview may be found in that description.

DQ 2

Suggest the most important elements of a definition of organizational leadership. What is your definition? Explain.

                                                          Unit 3

DQ 1

Applying Edgar Schein’s three levels model of organizational culture (artifacts, espoused values, and basic underlying assumptions), describe how they may be used to assess organizational leadership effectiveness.

DQ 2

Using Peter Senge’s five disciplines of the learning organization, describe what leadership efforts would be required in your organization to begin practicing these five disciplines, and document them both from the organization and from the literature.

                                                            Unit 4

DQ 1

What are the implications of using criteria, such as Baldrige, in assessing organizational culture needs? Explain.

DQ 2

After studying how several leadership assessment formats collect and analyze organizational data, briefly describe your organization, and outline how you would systematically collect and analyze data on its organizational leadership.

                                                              Unit 5

DQ 1

After reviewing the six data-collection methods on leadership practices, identify any trends in the development of organizational leadership theory and practice, and document them with findings from recent leadership research literature.

DQ 2

Identify and describe what measurement methods, instruments and processes may be needed to collect and analyze behavioral data about emerging leadership trends. Why are these important to leadership?

                                                             Unit 6

DQ 1

What is the most effective way to avoid a culture that leads to a learning disabled organization? Why? How are teams important for learning-abled organizations?

DQ 2

As an organizational leader, how would you support a culture of creativity and innovation in your organization?

                                                               Unit 7

DQ 1

What assumptions can you make and substantiate in the literature about the future of leadership?

DQ 2

How is Christian worldview displayed by leaders through trust, openness, shared responsibility, and interdependence to achieve expected results? Explain.

                                                              Unit 8

DQ 1

What do you believe are the most effective collaborative approaches to leadership? Why might coercive leadership approaches be an ineffective way to achieve desired results?

DQ 2

Reflect on three articles you have chosen for the Literature Review assignment. How will these articles help you proceed from here?

Multiple Intelligences-Psychology

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Topic: Multiple Intelligences

Use the results of the attached test or take the test yourself that is attached, you can address the following questions with your own personal results in mind.

1. Do you think “multiple intelligences” is a valid construct?  In other words, do multiple intelligences exist?  (Be sure to include connections to the textbook/research when building your argument.)

2. Do you think that the test you took gave a valid picture of your intellectual abilities?  In other words, do you think that test accurately measured what it is supposed to measure?

3. Provide at least one recommendation about how the developers of this multiple intelligences test could demonstrate evidence for the validity of the test.  Your recommendation should focus on one of the types of validity described in the textbook the chapter that covers these items is attached [i.e., content-related validity, predictive validity, concurrent validity, or construct validity (using convergent or discriminant evidence)].

4. Finally, make a Biblical argument either for or against the existence of multiple intelligences.  Whichever stance you take, be sure to back it up with meaningful and relevant scripture references.

In your replies, evaluate (e.g., identify strengths and limitations) your classmates’ arguments using unique scholarly and scriptural citations.  Make sure that your replies extend discussion by building on what your classmates wrote.  Please go beyond simply agreeing/disagreeing with your classmates or reiterating the main points that you made in your own thread.

Please adhere to the following standards:

· post should be a minimum of 350 words.

· In all of your posts, you should support your assertions with at least one scholarly citation AND one scriptural citation MUST BE A VERSE FROM THE BIBLE NOT JUST A RELIGIOUS REFERENCE IN GENERAL (made in current APA format). Acceptable sources include: the Bible, the textbook, and other peer-reviewed articles and/or books.

· Appropriate citations of and references for all source materials should be made in current APA format.

· First person (“I” and “we”) is allowed in all posts.

Textbook Reference you must use:

 

Cohen, R. J. & Swerdlik, M. E. (2017). Psychological testing and assessment: An introduction to tests and measurement (9th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 9781259870507.

Assignment: Developing Your Writing—Creating A Cohesive Paper From A Discussion Post

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Effective communication skills, both verbal and written, are essential for human services professionals. By effectively communicating with clients and other professionals, you better meet client needs and influence change. In this course and throughout the program, you have the opportunity to hone these communication skills through Discussions and Assignments.

For this Assignment, view the webinar “Developing a Paper: From Discussion Post to Course Paper” in this week’s Learning Resources. Consider how you might use this week’s Discussion posting to create a cohesive paper and effectively communicate your ideas.

To complete this Assignment:

By Day 7

Write a 2- to 3- page paper.

With the “Developing a Paper: From Discussion Post to Course Paper” webinar in mind, use this week’s Discussion posting to develop and write a 2- to 3-page paper on service strategies.

Reminder: Proper formatting and APA citations are required. Refer to the Writing Template for Course Papers for additional guidance.

Required Readings

Note: To access this week’s required library resources, please click on the link to the Course Readings List, found in the Course Materials section of your Syllabus.

Reid Mandell, B., & Schram, B. (2012). An introduction to human services: Policy and practice (8th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education.

· Chapter 3, “Intervention Strategies” (pp. 79–104)

In this chapter, the authors describe direct-service and systems-change intervention strategies. They also explain ways to implement these strategies.

McEwen, E. (2009). The public/private partnership. Policy & Practice of Public Human Services, 67(2), 11–13.

Psy 635 Week 5

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Question 11 ptsWhen integrating the results of qualitative and quantitative analyses, _____ occurs when the two data sources provide complementary information that expands insights into the research topic.confirmationexpansiondiscordancetransformation Flag this QuestionQuestion 21 ptsWhen integrating the results of qualitative and quantitative analyses, _____ occurs when the findings from both types of data corroborate each other.confirmationexpansiondiscordancetransformation Flag this QuestionQuestion 31 ptsWhen integrating the results of qualitative and quantitative analyses, _____ occurs when the two data sources contradict each other and cannot be reconciled.confirmationexpansiondiscordancetransformation Flag this QuestionQuestion 41 ptsAccording to Hesse-Biber’s book, the five reasons to use mixed methods are _____.generalization, complexity, triangulation, development, and expansion.triangulation, complementarity, development, initiation, and expansion.complementarity, expansion, generalization, complexity, and development.initiation, development, complexity, generalization, and triangulation. Flag this QuestionQuestion 51 ptsIn a(n) _____ mixed methods design framework, researchers are interested in addressing social injustices by involving and seeking to empower a population which has been oppressed or marginalized.multistageinterventioncase studyparticipatory Flag this QuestionQuestion 61 ptsThe most frequently used type of qualitative data collection method used in mixed methods studies is _____.participant observation/ethnographysemi-structured interviewfocus groupsqualitative analysis of documents Flag this QuestionQuestion 71 ptsAccording to Bryman, although qualitative and quantitative methods can be combined at various stages of a study, the defining features of research methods are _____.formulation of research questions and samplingsampling and data collectiondata collection and data analysisformulation of research questions and data analysis Flag this QuestionQuestion 81 ptsIn the _____ approach to integration through linking data collection and analysis methods, one database informs the data collection approach of the other.connectingbuildingmergingembedding Flag this QuestionQuestion 91 ptsWhen reasons for using mixed methods in a published study are given, the most frequently given reasons are _____.triangulation and complementaritytriangulation and developmentcomplementarity and expansioninitiation and development Flag this QuestionQuestion 101 ptsIn a(n) _____ mixed methods design framework, researchers are interested in conducting a thorough investigation of a single unit of analysis.multistageinterventioncase studyparticipatoryNo new data to save. Last checked at 10:32pm Submit Quiz

Questions

Jonchuck

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Five year old Phoebe Jonchuck was thrown to her death off a St. Petersburg Bridge by her own father, Jon Jonchuck.  Answer the following questions:  Was there a previous history with Jon Jonchuck by DCF?  Could this tragedy have been prevented?  Did Jonchucksuffer from a mental illness?  If so, what was the mental illness?  Did he receive treatment?  Is there any responsibility that the therapist has given the outcome of this case?  What type of treatment would have been effective if any with Jonchuck to have prevented this tragedy?   Did he have a criminal record?  Should someone who suffers from a mental illness and has a criminal record be barred from having custody of children?  What could have been done differently by DCF workers?  If you were asking questions of the DCF secretary Mike Carroll what would you want to know about his agencies response to this case?  Should he resign his post given the public outrage?  What measures could be taken to improve the operation of DCF in light of this tragedy?  The story can be found at the following link: http://www.nbcnews.com/news/crime-courts/john-jonchuck-accused-hurling-daughter-bridge-mentally-unfit-trial-n313461

Advanced Theories A7

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Begin Final Research Paper.

This assignment MUST be typed in APA style, and must be written at graduate level English.

For the final paper, you will be presenting your own personality development from the perspective of two (2) or more theories of personality covered in the course.

 

Directions:

 

In consideration of your development from birth to present, choose two (2) or more personality theories, covered in the course, to describe your personal identity today. According to the research on your chosen theories, describe the milestones in your life that helped to formulate your beliefs, values, behaviors, familial and interpersonal relationships, career and occupational choices, academic pursuits, etc. The goal of the paper is to formulate your own developmental assessment using research to support your theoretical perspectives.

Select a minimum of eight (8) current research articles taken from scholarly journals (online or hard copy) on your selected topic. You are encouraged to utilize the Calsouthern Library to access evidence-based resources. You may use the bibliography located under Resources in your course syllabus.

* Do not use the course text or other texts for this assignment.

This is a research-based paper.

Remember to include any relevant legal, ethical, and cultural consideration.

 

Your paper should be 10-12 pages plus a title and reference page.

 

Due Week 7

 

Assignment Outcomes

Distinguish the major theories of personality

Contrast historical and current views of personality

Integrate evidence based treatment interventions

Combine current research to assessment and technique

Identify legal, ethical issues in theories of personality and psychotherapy

Examine issues of culture and diversity in theories and application

Demonstrate ethical behavior in the use of technology

Cervone, D. & Pervin, L.A.   (2016).   Personality theory and research.   (13th ed.).   New York , NY   Wiley, John & Sons, Inc.    ISBN 9781118976296

Assignment 6

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Your reading describes several transitions and life events that can occur during middle adulthood. While many of those in middle adulthood thrive, that is not always the case, as evidenced by the occurance of midlife crises.

Create a presentation (using PowerPoint, or your favorite slideshow tool) in which you address the following:

  • Identify and describe three challenges typically faced in middle adulthood (make sure to cite sources) – minimum 3 slides
  • Identify and describe three recommendations for how to overcome those challenges (make sure to cite sources) – minimum 3 slides
  • Offer two detailed suggestions for how thrive in middle adulthood  (make sure to cite sources) – minimum 2 slides

You must cite your unit reading and/or outside sources to support your statements. I’m not looking for opinions here – you must support your statements and suggestions with cited sources. Include a reference slide at the end, with your references in APA format, and use in-text citations on your slides.

Keep in mind that I’m also not looking for you to copy and paste information from the reading/websites and stick it into your slides. You can use a direct quote if you feel you need to, but it must have quotation marks around it to indicate that it is a direct quote. Everything else will need to be in your own words (paraphrase), followed by an in-text citation to indicate where the information came from. I want to see your writing, not what you’ve copied and pasted from other writers. Read this helpful guide on paraphrasing. At least 80% of your assignment needs to be in your own words.

Make sure that you give each slide a title so it is clear which slides are focused on challenges and which slides are focused on recommendations and suggestions. Be sure to include images or graphics to make your slides visually appealing.

Socw 6301, Week 1, Evidence Based Practice

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Competent social workers have many types of skills to complement a wide variety of theoretical knowledge. This skill set and knowledge base is often informed by research. Whether research is quantitative, qualitative, or a mixture of both, the information that well-formed studies yield contribute to the knowledge base of the social work profession as a whole.

For this Discussion, consider how evidence-based research informs social work practice. Think about how research findings translate into social work action.

Post your explanation of how research informs a social workers application of the steps in the process of evidence-based practice. Be sure to explain how research contributes to what a social worker may do in practice. Please use the Resources to support your answers.

Criminal Justice Assignment Unit9

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Complete this week’s Practice Activity.

Matching exercises give you an opportunity to practice definitions and develop logical and critical thinking skills. By using such techniques as inversion, diversion, and the process of elimination, you are able to greatly increase the probability of answering questions correctly. This is an important skill to have, as it is commonly found on nearly all standardized tests and increases critical thinking.

The objective of this exercise is to understand restitution, parole, mandatory release, and parole.

Unit 9 Practice Activity

Review the details of the Coatesville Fires.

Complete the Unit 9 Assignment Worksheet: The Coatesville Fires Case.

Directions for Submitting Your Assignment

Save your Assignment in the following format: Last name First name Assignment. (Example: SmithJohn_Unit9_Assignment).

Submit your Assignment to the Unit 9 Assignment Dropbox by the end of Unit 9.

respond to class mate Karen:

Probation is a type of sentence given to offenders to serve in their community rather than spending time in jail. Offenders given probation can either be supervised, unsupervised, community-control, shock probation, and crime-specific types (McKenna, 2018) and acquire certain conditions the offender must abide by.

Probation should only be given to those who have committed petty crimes such as vandalism, possession of marijuana (very small amount), drunk driving if it’s their first time breaking the law. An individual who has been charged with sexual assault, molestation, or murder should not be given probation as they pose a threat to society. Although, McKenna (2018) states that crime-specific types probation may be given to sex offenders. What is done here is that the government installs a monitoring software to track what the offenders do on his computer. I would not argue if this type of probation is given to sex offenders after they have served their time in prison.

Thinking back at one of our seminars where we discussed how probation or parole can come in conflict with the jobs individuals hold because probation may require you to show up in a specific time that you start work causing the individual to lose his job. If I were a probation officer, I would want copies of the client’s work schedule so that he is able to do both (if probation officers can do that). The goal is for the offender to not offend again and we should not pose another obstacle in their path to do better. I would also want to check on them regularly (as a pop-up), proof of what they are doing to turn their lives around, provide them with counseling, and ask my permission when they want to leave their county. For me, these conditions are important to bring safety to society and help reinstate offenders into society as a functional citizen (unknown author, 2013).

McKenna, K. (2018). What types of probation are there? Retrieved from https://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/what-types-of-probation-are-there.html

N/A, (2013). The importance of probation for achieving community safety. Retrieved from https://www.probationofficeredu.org/2013/06/the-importance-of-probation-for-achieving-community-safety/

respond to susan:

According to Schmalleger (2017) probation is “A sentence of imprisonment that is suspended. Also, the conditional freedom granted by a judicial officer to a convicted offender, as long as the person meets certain conditions of behavior.” When someone who has been found guilty Is being sentenced they can be given probation. This is a set number of years that they have to report to a probation officer and follow a set of rules given. Some of these rules are things like no drinking, no drugs, and no leaving the state. Probation can also be given to serve after a sentence. So, someone can get 3 years jail time and 3 years’ probation. The probation starts once they are released. The federal government no longer has probation it is now called supervised release. The difference is probation you have an officer that supervises you and it is up to them if they want to report a violation to the court. Supervised release also has an officer, but everything has to be reported to the courts. I personally had t serve 3 years supervised release and it was no fun at all. I personally think that setting guidelines depends on each person’s crime. The courts actually set the guidelines but if given the opportunity the main ones would be no drugs, no excessive drinking, and they must report when scheduled. These main ones will help with tracking each convict and hoefully keep them out of trouble.

Schmalleger, F. (2017). Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 14th Edition. [Purdue University Global Bookshelf]. Retrieved from https://purdueuniversityglobal.vitalsource.com/#/books/9780134145648/